Everything about The Indian National Calendar totally explained
The
Indian national calendar (sometimes called
Saka calendar) is the official civil calendar in use in
India. It is used, alongside the
Gregorian calendar, by the
Gazette of India, news broadcasts by
All India Radio, and calendars and communications issued by the
Government of India. Beside such formal purposes, the calendar isn't very widely used.
The term may also ambiguously refer to the
Hindu calendar, and the
Saka era is commonly used by different calendars as well.
Calendar structure
In leap years, Chaitra has 31 days and starts on
March 21 instead. The months in the first half of the year all have 31 days, to take into account the slower movement of the sun across the
ecliptic at this time.
The names of the months are derived from older,
Hindu lunisolar calendars, so variations in spelling exist, and there's a possible source of confusion as to what calendar a date belongs to.
Years are counted in the
Saka Era, which starts its
year 0 in the year
78 of the
Christian Era. To determine leap years, add 78 to the Saka year - if the result is a leap year in the Gregorian calendar, then the Saka year is a leap year as well.
Adoption
The calendar was introduced by the Calendar Reform Committee in
1957, as part of the Indian Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac, which also contained other astronomical data, as well as timings and formulae for preparing
Hindu religious calendars, in an attempt to harmonise this practice. Despite this effort, local variations based on older sources such as the
Surya Siddhanta may still exist.
Usage officially started at Chaitra 1, 1879 Saka Era, or
March 22 1957. However, government officials seem to largely ignore the
New Year's Day of this calendar in favour of the religious calendar
(External Link
).
Rashtriya Panchang
The Reform Committee also formalised a religious calendar, referred to as the
Rashtriya Panchang. This, like many regional calendars, defines a
lunisolar calendar based on the authoritative version of the
Surya Siddhanta from the 10th century.
The word panchang is derived from the Sanskrit
panchangam (
pancha, five;
anga, limb), which refers to the five limbs of the calendar: the
lunar day, the
lunar month, the half-day, the angle of the sun and moon, and the
solar day.
In the Rashtriya Panchang, months are determined based on the sun's position against the
fixed stars at sunrise, computed by antipodal observations of the full moon. This sidereal computation avoids fixed leap year rules, but the number of days in any given month can vary by one or two days. Conversion of dates to the
Gregorian calendar, or computing the day of the week, requires one to consult the
ephemeris. The lay person therefore relies on the
panchangs or
almanacs produced by authoritative astronomical schools.
Over time, different
Brahminical bodies producing the panchangs have varied in their geographical center and other aspects of the computation, resulting in a divergence of a few days in the different regional calendars. Even within the same region, there may be more than one competing authority, occasionally resulting in disagreement on festival dates by as much as a month. The
Rashtriya Panchang seeks to resolve such differences.
Further Information
Get more info on 'Indian National Calendar'.
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